Which ADR process involves a neutral third party who does not judge the merits and helps identify common ground?

• A. Negotiation
• B. Conciliation
• C. Mediation
• D. Arbitration

Answer: (C)

In mediation, the key idea is the role of a neutral facilitator who helps the parties talk and find common ground without judging who is right on the merits. The mediator doesn’t assess the case or impose a decision; instead, they manage the process, clarify interests, and help generate and explore settlement options. The aim is for the parties to reach a voluntary agreement themselves, often keeping discussions confidential and without prejudice to any future rights.

This differs from other ADR routes: negotiation involves the parties communicating directly with no third party; conciliation uses a neutral who may offer suggestions and assess the case non-bindingly to assist settlement; arbitration involves a neutral who hears the evidence and issues a binding decision on the merits.