Which of the following describes valid defences?

• A. Procedural in relation to jurisdiction or limitation
• B. Defences to the cause of action
• C. Defences to the claim for damages
• D. All of the above

Answer: (D)

The concept being tested is that defences in civil proceedings can target different aspects of a claim. A defence can be procedural, challenging the process itself—such as jurisdiction or whether the claim was brought within the time limit. It can address the underlying facts or law that give rise to the claim, i.e., defences to the cause of action, where you deny the claimant’s case or rely on a legal bar like estoppel or consent. It can also relate to the damages sought, by contesting the amount, introducing mitigation, or arguing contributory negligence that reduces recovery.

All of these avenues are legitimate ways to defend a claim, so the best answer is that all of the above describe valid defences. This reflects how a defence can operate on multiple fronts to dispute the claim, the facts, or the damages.